Booking travel / Wildlife Canada

BOOKING TRAVEL IMMIGRATION / WEDDING ANIMAL CANADA

Soil and plant life

Both terrain and climate affect the distribution of plants, animals and soil. Ecologists identify large areas called ecosystems that are characterized by fairly stable complexes of climate, soil and plant and animal life. The boundaries of these areas are usually not sharp lines in the landscape, but rather large transition areas. The following discussion focused on vegetation, or natural, vegetation. In southern Canada only these ecosystems remain.

Tundra

Tundra is the predominant soil type of the Arctic region and the subregion. Tundra also exists on wooden roads in Western Cordillera, but the discussion here is usually limited to the northern tundra. With long, cold winters, short summers, cool and low rainfall, thin or absent soil, and sparse vegetation. Tundra is very vulnerable to environmental damage. Due to the small number of plants and animals and the fragility of the food chain, damage to any element of the habitat can have immediate chain reactions through the system. The permafrost layers (continuous frozen ground) are easily damaged by heavy equipment and due to oil spills. The Inuit, who fish, hunt and trap for a living, are directly affected by the abuse of the ecosystem.

Considering the climate conditions, the tundra vegetation is quite diverse. The long daytime periods of spring and summer contribute to the sudden, rapid growth. Although rocky deserts are almost devoid of vegetation, relatively quickly growing moss often surround large boulders. In rocky crevices such as purple saxifrage exist and the stone surface itself can support lichen, some species of orange and red add color to the landscape. Lichen tundra is found in drier and better drained parts. Moss is common, and some species can dominate the landscape to the point where it appears snowed. The tundra and alpine tundra support the dwarves, often berries, shrubs, and the middle ground often covered with a thick carpet of lichens and moss.

Special species of the tundra are seals and polar bears, the latter feed on seals and musk, caribou, Arctic hares and lemurs, which eat tundra vegetation and prey. of wolves and white Arctic foxes. Few birds make the tundra of their year-round habitat, the great snow owls and the ptarmigan are the exception. However, countless birds often live in temperate climates, often flying to tundra to nest. The two big birds doing this are snow geese and Canadian geese (see photo).

Forest region

Canada has a number of large and distinct forests, merging into several transition areas. The northern conifer, or Boreal, forest (taiga) is the second largest unbroken forest area in the world; Only Russia has a wider forest. Extreme winters and short growing seasons limit the number of tree species. Among them, white and black spruce and birch are common, and balsam (fir) and tamarack (larch) are also widely distributed. Boreal forests are an important source of pulpwood and also produce significant sawn timber, but much of the northern region is too difficult to access commercial sawn timber.

A vast transitional region, the taiga shield, covers about 500,000 square miles (1,300,000 square kilometers) of mixed north and tundra growth, connecting the northern forests and tundra. In general, trees in this subregion, with a dry, cold climate, are small and have few commercial consequences. The area, undergoing permafrost, can be described as an ecological intersection, with a near-delicate balance as tundra.

Along the southern edge of the northern forest are two other transition areas. In the inner plains, the forest fused with the meadows to create an arc of the aspen park, characterized by steppe vegetation dotted with shaky (shaking) groves and other poplars. in humid areas and along the bottom of the valley. East of the Manitoba-Ontario border is a strip of mixed deciduous forest extending into the Great Lakes. Lawrence Lowlands and Appalachia. In addition to the boreal forest species, there are white pine, red pine, white cedar and eastern hemlock. Deciduous trees include maple, red maple, oak, red oak and white ash.

Remnants of the only deciduous forest in Canada grow in the southern part of the southwestern peninsula of Ontario. This is an extension of the U.S. Carolinian forest area, and, in addition to the species it shares with the mixed forest, it also contains trees commonly found in the far south, like tulips, sycamore, black and white oak, and some kind of hickory.

As can be expected from the strong relief and sudden climate change in relatively short distances, the forests of Western Cordillera are very complex. The subalpine forests, of Engelmann and the white pine and lodgepole pine, are characteristic of the mountainside.

Rockies range from about 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) to wooden roads. The forests of the Selkirk, Purcell and Monashee mountains contain the Engelmann spruce at higher altitudes, merging with the western red cedar and the western continent on the slopes. Douglas fir is common on the slopes. the drier slope. A normally open and golden pine forest interspersed with grasses is typical of the rows that pass through the arid inner plateau. Douglas fir and lodgepole pine are found on higher slopes.

The forest on the Pacific coast, where steep slopes facing humid winds that produce heavy rainfall, is Canada's highest timber forest. Abundant moisture and a long growing season are conducive to the development of evergreen trees with very hard wood, great for construction sawn timber. Douglas fir, western green hyacinth and western red cedar are outstanding plants; They grow to great heights and thickness. Alder, cottonwood, and maple are subsidiaries, along with the western white pine and spruce trees. The thick rows of trees, the large trunks, their trunks rise to a considerable height and their crowns almost touch each other to create the grandeur of the forest.

Canadian forest soils are acidic, the result of varying degrees of which minerals are filtered out of the topsoil; hence they are relatively infertile for agriculture. Acid and leachate levels are greater in coniferous forests and less in mixed and deciduous forests. With proper land management, mixed forest and deciduous forests make good agricultural land.

The wilderness areas correspond closely to the different forest areas. Subarctic supports large numbers of forest caribou. The northern forest encompasses nearly all species of mammals and birds recognized as Canadian in particular. Among these are elk, beaver, Canadian lynx, black bear, wolf, snow rabbit and many birds, including Canadian jays, green jays, gray jays, crows and crows. In the summer, coniferous forest is filled with numerous species of warbler and other small birds that go north to nest. Further south, white-tailed deer thrive on forest borders and partially erased areas. There are also lots of smaller mammals, including gray and red squirrels, weasels, raccoons, musk, skunks, jackrabbits, Cottage rabbits, hounds, and many types of rats and moles. In southern Ontario the wild turkey, which disappeared from hunting and reduced its habitat, was reintroduced in the 1980s with some success. Wolves are now seen as far south as Toronto's park canyons. A variety of wildlife lives in the Western Cordillera, with a variety of terrains and vegetation. Rocky mountain sheep, mountain goats, elk, mules and black bears are common in the southern mountains.

Meadow

The southern part of the inner plain is too dry for forests and gives rise to grasslands or natural prairies. The native vegetation of the most southern region consists of short grass with sage and cactus. Farther north, where rainfall is a bit heavier, there is a strip of plateau. At its northern limit, the meadows merge with the transition park at the edge of the northern forest. Today, small areas of grass and crops have replaced grass in all but dry areas or hills.

With a high content of organic matter and minerals, pasture land is one of Canada's most fertile places. The best soils for crops are dark brown to dark soils of the highlands and parks, and Canada's area is famous for wheat cultivation. The less fertile light brown soils of the short grassy country tend to be alkaline, and the agricultural activities are mainly on dryland and grazing. Wind erosion is a serious problem in the prairie areas where pastures have been converted to arable land.

Among the common prairie mammals are Richardson's Ground Squirrel and the gopher bag, both of which damage young grain crops. They continue to thrive despite the hunting of badgers, hawks and owls and the efforts of farmers under control. Early settlers across the Canadian prairie encountered huge herds of bison (commonly known as buffaloes), but by the end of the 19th century, hunters had reduced their numbers to near extinction. . Bison can now be seen only in wildlife reserves. When the bison has disappeared, the deer and pronghorn antelope are the remaining large mammals on the short grass plains. Long-term drought and farm drainage projects have significantly reduced the habitat of waterfowl, reducing their numbers.

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